THE KNOWLEDGE LIBRARY / 25 ARTICLES

Understand the science.
See the possibilities.

How waste tyres become useful materials. What quality tests reveal. Which questions lead to better decisions.

Written by Gaggan Sharma · Sources included in every article

Explore the library

START WITH THE PROCESS

How tyre pyrolysis works

Follow the material from incoming tyre to separate outputs.

READ. QUESTION. UNDERSTAND.

Explore the detail.

Watch the process film ↗

Process science01

How tyre pyrolysis works

A practical explanation of how heat separates waste tyres into vapour, oil, gas, carbon-rich solid and steel.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

An exploded-layer schematic showing tread, steel belts, textile carcass and inner liner.

Process science02

What is inside a tyre?

The rubber, steel, textile, carbon black and additives in a tyre explain both its performance and its recycling behaviour.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A comparison of pyrolysis, gasification and combustion by oxidant supply and intended output.

Process science03

Pyrolysis, combustion and gasification

These three thermal routes differ by oxygen supply, products and control objectives. The distinction matters when reading plant claims.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A timeline comparison showing a batch cycle and a continuous flow path.

Process science04

Batch and continuous pyrolysis

Batch and continuous reactors solve different feed, heat-transfer and product-handling problems. Their data should be compared carefully.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A conceptual control panel showing three independent but interacting process variables.

Process science05

Temperature, heating rate and residence time

These three operating variables shape tyre pyrolysis chemistry and product distribution, but they describe different parts of the process.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A two-stage condenser schematic showing heavy and lighter liquids leaving the vapour path while residual gas continues.

Process science06

Condensation and process gas

The condenser train decides what becomes oil and what remains process gas, so recovery starts after the reactor too.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A decision dashboard showing that oil properties need units, method, batch and intended use.

Material quality07

Tyre pyrolysis oil properties: how to read the evidence

A practical guide to tyre pyrolysis oil properties, test methods and fit for an intended industrial use.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A tank and lot diagram showing how a defined population, locations and custody support a representative oil sample.

Material quality08

Representative oil sampling for tyre pyrolysis batches

How suppliers and buyers can plan a representative oil sample and ask a qualified laboratory the right questions.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

An annotated fictional certificate showing identity, units, basis, method and specification as separate checks.

Material quality09

Reading a certificate of analysis for recovered materials

A field guide to units, test basis, methods, batch identity and fair comparisons on a certificate of analysis.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A staged qualification flow distinguishing raw char from recovered carbon black and application evidence.

Material quality10

Char and recovered carbon black are related, not interchangeable

Why tyre pyrolysis char needs processing and qualification before it can be sold as recovered carbon black.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A clearly illustrative 100 gram composition balance separating moisture, ash and volatile matter from fixed carbon by difference.

Material quality11

Ash, moisture and volatile matter measure different things

How to interpret ash, moisture and volatile matter results in tyre pyrolysis char without confusing their bases or meanings.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A treatment path showing separation, milling, classification and pelletising with checks at each stage.

Material quality12

Upgrading tyre char: a staged route to a specified material

What milling, deashing and pelletising can change in tyre char, and why each stage needs evidence and a defined end use.

Gaggan Sharma · 5 min read

Wire illustration beside a hypothetical 200 kg sorting test: 184 kg metal and 16 kg other material.

Operations and feedstock13

Recovered steel wire: quality begins before the magnet

How to judge recovered tyre steel by identity, cleanliness, moisture, and evidence rather than by weight alone.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

Receiving flow with inspection, acceptance and hold paths; a hypothetical 10 tonne delivery has 0.8 tonnes rejected.

Operations and feedstock14

Tyre sourcing and acceptance: make the feedstock legible

A sourcing and acceptance framework for mixed waste tyres, with records that connect a load to its later process results.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

Conceptual tyre storage yard showing separate storage areas, an access route and an isolation area without specifying dimensions.

Operations and feedstock15

Tyre storage and handling: plan for heat, access, and response

Risk principles for tyre storage and handling, with a qualified site plan instead of invented universal spacing rules.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

Proportional hypothetical mass balance: 150 kg steel, 390 kg solid, 420 kg liquid, 30 kg gas and a 10 kg unresolved difference.

Operations and feedstock16

Pyrolysis material balance: close the books before judging yield

How to build a defensible tyre pyrolysis mass balance and interpret a worked hypothetical example without claiming plant yields.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

Hypothetical gas heat balance: 35 input units at 70 percent efficiency deliver 24.5 units, 0.5 below a 25-unit duty.

Operations and feedstock17

Pyrolysis energy balance: gross energy is not net energy

A boundary-aware guide to heat duty, electricity, product energy, gas use, losses, and the limits of self-sufficiency claims.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

Four-reading plot with values 10, 12, missing and 14, showing how zero substitution changes an average from 12 to 9.

Operations and feedstock18

Process monitoring and data quality: know when a trend is real

A measurement-led approach to calibration, traceability, lag, stable operating data, and decisions made from process trends.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A teaching diagram for Oil buyer decision, showing the evidence and decision path described in the article.

Buying and circularity19

A buyer checklist for pyrolysis oil

How to qualify recovered pyrolysis oil for a real application, with the tests and handling questions that matter first.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A teaching diagram for Recovered carbon black / trial matrix, showing the evidence and decision path described in the article.

Buying and circularity20

Qualifying recovered carbon black for rubber

A practical qualification path for recovered carbon black, from dispersion and formulation trials to performance testing, release and recheck.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A teaching diagram for Batch custody record, showing the evidence and decision path described in the article.

Buying and circularity21

Material traceability and delivery records

The batch, contract and custody records that make a recovered-material delivery checkable from receipt to use, review and dispute.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A teaching diagram for LCA framing, showing the evidence and decision path described in the article.

Buying and circularity22

How to read a life-cycle assessment of tyre recycling

Functional units, boundaries and allocation determine what a tyre-recycling LCA can actually compare or claim in a stated study.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A teaching diagram for Physical flow and claim ledger, showing the evidence and decision path described in the article.

Buying and circularity23

Circularity and mass-balance claims

Physical recovery and accounting allocation answer different questions. Use a mass balance with clear inputs, outputs and reconciliation for each claim.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

A teaching diagram for Equipment acceptance scope, showing the evidence and decision path described in the article.

Buying and circularity24

Evaluating evidence for pyrolysis technology

What a vendor trial record should disclose: feed, balances, operating data, product tests, failures and repeatability for a defined application.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

An evidence ladder from controlled laboratory testing through pilot integration to campaign operating records.

Process science25

From a laboratory result to industrial performance

Learn how to read pyrolysis research, distinguish a short trial from a plant campaign, and judge what the evidence actually demonstrates.

Gaggan Sharma · 4 min read

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supply question?

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Understand the science.See the possibilities.

How tyre pyrolysis works

Explore the detail.

How tyre pyrolysis works

What is inside a tyre?

Pyrolysis, combustion and gasification

Batch and continuous pyrolysis

Temperature, heating rate and residence time

Condensation and process gas

Tyre pyrolysis oil properties: how to read the evidence

Representative oil sampling for tyre pyrolysis batches

Reading a certificate of analysis for recovered materials

Char and recovered carbon black are related, not interchangeable

Ash, moisture and volatile matter measure different things

Upgrading tyre char: a staged route to a specified material

Recovered steel wire: quality begins before the magnet

Tyre sourcing and acceptance: make the feedstock legible

Tyre storage and handling: plan for heat, access, and response

Pyrolysis material balance: close the books before judging yield

Pyrolysis energy balance: gross energy is not net energy

Process monitoring and data quality: know when a trend is real

A buyer checklist for pyrolysis oil

Qualifying recovered carbon black for rubber

Material traceability and delivery records

How to read a life-cycle assessment of tyre recycling

Circularity and mass-balance claims

Evaluating evidence for pyrolysis technology

From a laboratory result to industrial performance

Have a material orsupply question?

Understand the science.
See the possibilities.

Have a material or
supply question?